新生 | 奥尔良滨河线性公园：新月公园

旅游景观邦 2021-03-31 10:02

项目新月公园是一个更大的总体规划的一部分，该规划为新奥尔良市及其河滨设想了一个新的、更绿色的未来，公园的设计是为了重新将人们与河流联系起来，并将该市工业和海洋历史的遗迹转变为一个绿色的、方便的、社区资产。它是一个前所未有的机会，可以重新评估一段破败的滨水区，并以富有远见而又实用的当代可持续设计来补充新奥尔良的独特个性、不同寻常的街道格局和历史建筑。作为新奥尔良30年来第一个新的滨河公园，新月公园是对城市重新找回地方感和起源感的需求的回应：回归河流。该公园提供了无与伦比的物理和视觉通道，为当地居民和游客创造了一个互动的环境，并促进了健康、积极的生活方式，同时还能欣赏到城市天际线和风景如画的新月城连接桥。

Part of a larger master plan that envisions a new, greener future for the City of New Orleans and its riverfront, Crescent Park was designed to reconnect people with the river and transform the remnants of the city’s industrial and maritime past into a verdant, accessible, community asset. The project was sparked by Hurricane Katrina as an unprecedented opportunity to reevaluate a languishing stretch of waterfront and to supplement New Orleans’ unique character, unusual street grid, and historic architecture with visionary yet practical and contemporary sustainable design. As the first new riverfront park in New Orleans in 30 years, Crescent Park is a response to the need for the city to reclaim its sense of place and origin—a return to the river. The Park grants unparalleled physical and visual access to the river, creating an environment for locals and visitors to interact and promote a healthy, active lifestyle with unrivaled vistas of the city skyline and the picturesque Crescent City Connection Bridge.

1.4英里长的线性公园将一个海洋工业地重新利用为20英亩的原生景观，使之成为一个适合步行、慢跑和骑自行车的路径网络；两个工业码头Piety码头和Mandeville区被改造成野餐区，一个遛狗公园，这两个空间结构都已被重新利用，以容纳公众集会、节日和全年举办的艺术展览。建筑师有意识地决定在历史和特色的基础上进行建设，而不是进行新的建设。为了向工业历史致敬，两个结构的重新利用是一种现代的重新诠释。在运输和接收货物的地方，这两个空间提供了参与和互动的机会，交流思想和对话。通过与河流的重新连接，新奥尔良正在追随许多世界级城市的趋势，探索恢复和加强自然环境的机会，同时提高市民的生活质量。

This 1.4-mile linear park repurposes a maritime/industrial brownfield into 20-acres of indigenous landscaping, a network of paths suitable for walking, jogging, and biking; picnic areas, a dog park, and the adaptive reuse of two industrial wharves: the Piety Wharf and Mandeville Shed. Both structures have been stabilized and repurposed to accommodate public gatherings, festivals and the host of artistic exhibitions that take place throughout the year. In lieu of new construction, the architects made a conscious decision to build upon the layers of history and character that already defined the sight. A nod to the industrial past, the repurposing of both structures is a modern reinterpretation. In place of shipping and receiving goods, these two spaces provide opportunities for engagement and interaction, the exchange of ideas and conversation. By reconnecting to the river, New Orleans is following the trend of many world-class cities and exploring opportunities to restore and enhance the natural environment while simultaneously improving citizen’s quality of life.

该公园让人联想到新旧交替的微妙平衡。设计团队没有抹去场地的历史，而是选择在不影响后工业化衰败和洪水基础设施的情况下，对其进行颂扬和改建，这也是城市这一部分的最终特征。比如说废弃铁轨的刻线是公园里所有道路的基础，虽然仍然通过一条活跃的铁路走廊和防洪墙与Marigny和Bywater社区相隔，但该遗址确定了主要长廊与历史街道网格的交叉点。每一个交叉口都由一块印有街道名称的大型混凝土板，这起到了指路和定位的作用，同时邀请游客坐下来享受周围的环境。

Evoking a palimpsest, the park is a delicate balance of layering old and new. Rather than eradicate the history of the site, the design team chose to celebrate and build upon it without compromising the allure and poetic ruin of post-industrialization decay and flood infrastructure that ultimately characterizes this part of the city. For example: Inscribed lines of the defunct railroad tracks are the foundation of all the pathways in the park. Though still separated from the Marigny and Bywater neighborhoods via an active rail corridor and flood wall, the site identifies the intersections of the main promenade with the historic street grid. Each intersection is highlighted by a large slab of concrete bearing the street name. This acts as a means of wayfinding and orientation while inviting visitors to sit and enjoy their surroundings.

2007年完成的最初的滨河规划方案提出，密西西比河东岸6英里长的路段将发挥关键作用。从上游的杰克逊大道到工业运河口下游的前圣十字学校遗址，该规划设想了一个城市的、活跃的、美丽的河岸，供该市市民享受。该计划的第一阶段将实施的是新月公园，为河流提供了无与伦比的物理和视觉通道，为当地人和游客创造了一个互动和享受新奥尔良的环境。

The original riverfront development plan, completed in 2007, proposes a key role for a six-mile stretch along the East Bank of the Mississippi River. From Jackson Avenue upriver to the former Holy Cross school site just down river of the mouth of the Industrial Canal, this plan envisions an urban, active, beautiful river crescent for the city’s citizens to enjoy. The first phase to be implemented from this plan is Crescent Park. It grants unparalleled physical and visual access to the river, creating an environment for locals and visitors to interact and enjoy the essence of New Orleans.

在河岸范围内多种景观共存。项目两端是广阔的公共公园，而较小的、以社区为导向的公园则沿项目分布，这些公园包含一系列的目的地，如湿地、阳光露台、露天剧场、网球场和咖啡馆灯。城市广场被战略性地放置在主要的十字路口，以颂扬城市的文化历史，同时也在新的城市发展中创造了充满活力的新空间。可持续发展的街道景观和道路提供了高效的交通效率，一系列的人行桥墩和桥梁将人们带过防洪墙和火车轨道，最终凝视密西西比河本身。

A diversity of landscapes coexists within the footprint of the riverfront. Within the master plan development, expansive public parks anchor opposite ends of the project, while smaller, neighborhood-oriented parks are periodically inserted along the project’s length. These parks contain a range of destinations such as wetlands, sun decks, amphitheaters, tennis courts and cafes. Urban plazas are strategically located at major intersections to celebrate the city’s cultural history while also creating energetic new spaces amidst new development. Sustainable streetscapes and paths provide efficient circulation, and a series of pedestrian piers and bridges carry people over flood walls and train tracks to ultimately gaze over the Mississippi River itself.

在制定总规和设计新月公园的整个过程中，设计团队在三个不同的层面上与社区进行了互动。指导委员会和利益相关者小组由代表那些在滨河重建中具有直接利益和专业知识的个人组成。设计团队邀请公众参加了十多个论坛，在论坛上，设计团队介绍了设计方案并听取了他们的意见，设计团队还接受了许多邻里团体和市民的邀请，在各种公开会议上进行展示，在公开展示定稿后，也获得了居民群众的好评。为了确保透明度和可访问性，整个公开过程都在项目网站上公布，这个网站也是设计发展的历史。

Throughout the creation of the development plan and the design of Crescent Park, the design team engaged the community at three different levels. The Steering Committee and the Stakeholders Group are comprised of individuals who represent those parties with direct interests and expertise in the redevelopment of the riverfront. The public was invited to more than a dozen forums where the design team presented and received comments. The team also accepted the invitations of many neighborhood groups and citizens to present in various public meetings. Following the public presentation of the final draft, the design received a standing ovation. Ensuring the transparency and accessibility, the entire public process was made available on the project website. This website also served as a history of the design development.

对现有的Piety 码头（新月公园的核心空间）进行改进，扩大了邻里聚会的空间，并为居民提供了在河边与自然交流的机会。在相应的街道脚下有一块较宽的土地，可以建造设施，并为住得较远的居民提供停车服务。在箱形防洪堤和铁轨之间的狭长地带，从5英尺扩大到30英尺，向下游移动，允许建立一个线性的 "箱形车篱笆"公园，植被种植在与相邻铁路集装箱车规模相匹配的正交带中。将植被带按箱车的尺度分组，模糊了活跃的货运与河流的关系，同时保持了铁路活动持续活动的工业规模。这些植被带周期性地被街道网格向河流的形象化延伸所分割，在物理上表现为铺装材料和物种的对比。这种街道网格的延伸，对公园游客来说，起到了双重的路标作用。

Improvements to the existing Piety Wharf, a centerpiece of Crescent Park, expand space for neighborhood gatherings, and offer residents the opportunity to commune with nature at the river’s edge. Nestled between two patches of restored batture, a wider strip of land at the foot of the corresponding street allowed for facilities to be built, and for parking serving residents who live further away. A narrow strip between box levee and rail tracks widens from five feet to thirty feet, moving downriver, allowing for a linear park of “boxcar hedges,” vegetation planted in orthogonal bands matching the scale of the adjacent railroad container cars. Grouping the vegetation bands at boxcar scale blurs the relationship of active freight to the river, while maintaining the industrial scale of the continuing activity of the rail activity. The bands of vegetation are periodically bisected by the figurative extension of the street grid to the river, physically expressed as a contrasting paving material and species, as the flood wall cannot be punctured. This extension of the street grid doubles as wayfinding for park visitors.

场地上的铁路支线曾以紧密的弧线从主线上剥离出来，每个码头都有多条支线到达。现如今支线的痕迹依然存在，弯弯曲曲的压载带和铁轨时隐时现，1,200英尺长的花园利用这条复杂的支线作为人行道，构筑了一系列主要包含本地植被物种的聚合花园空间。花园提供了一个从主要的步行道上分流出来的地方，有较小的路径和停留的机会。

Railroad spurs once peeled off from the main line in tight arcs, with multiple spurs arriving at each wharf. Traces of the spurs remain, with curving bands of ballast and iron rail intermittently visible. The 1,200-foot-long gardens draw on this complex of spurs as the generator for pedestrian paths framing a series of converging garden plots containing primarily native vegetation species. The gardens offer a diversion from the main pedestrian promenade, with smaller paths and opportunities for lingering.

该公园首先是关于连接，将邻居与他们生活在河边的河水重新连接起来，他们的生活如此诱人，但长期以来一直被剥夺了进入河边景观的机会。考虑到采取河道控制结构的不切实际性和成本，该团队集中精力使粗糙的、后工业化的海洋景观能够被行人使用，同时又不擦掉过去重度商业港口使用的铜锈。原生景观远远超过了草地草坪的面积，在破败的港口结构上继续不断增加植被的生长，促进了更可持续的景观方式。

The park is first and foremost about connection: reconnecting neighbors to the river they live so tantalizingly close to, but have long been denied access to this riverfront landscape: free of vehicles, and now, largely free of structures. Given the impracticality and cost of taking on the river control structures, the team focused their efforts on making the coarse, post-industrial maritime landscape accessible to pedestrians without scrubbing away the patina of past heavy commercial port use. Native landscape far outweighs the area given to grass lawn, continuing the ever-increasing growth of vegetation over the decaying port structures and promoting a more sustainable landscape approach.